Definition of Appendix in a Book or Written Work

The word appendix comes from the Latin appendere, meaning hang upon. An appendix is a collection of supplementary materials, usually appearing at the end of a report, academic paper,  proposal  (such as a bid or a grant), or book. It typically includes data and supporting documents the writer has used to develop the written work. Examples of Supporting Materials Not every report, proposal, or  book requires an  appendix. Including one, however, allows a writer to point to  additional information that may be relevant to readers  but would be out of place in the main body of the text. An appendix can  give the reader more depth regarding the topic, supply resources for further reading or contact lists, or provide documentation to make the case for a grant or bid proposal. That said, an appendix should not be  treated as an opportunity for padding. Appendix information may include tables, figures, charts, letters, memos,  detailed technical specs, maps, drawings, diagrams, photos, or other materials. In the case of research papers, supporting materials may include surveys, questionnaires, or schematics and the like that were  used to produce the results included in the paper. Supplemental vs. Elemental Because of its supplementary nature, its important that material in an appendix not be left to speak for itself. This means that you must not put vital information only in an appendix without any indication in the main text that it is there, notes Eamon Fulcher, author of A Guide to Coursework in Psychology. An appendix is an ideal place to include information and other data that are simply too long or detailed to incorporate into the main body text. If these materials were used in the works development, readers may want to reference them to double-check or locate additional information. Including the materials in an appendix is often the most organized way to make them available. The appendix material should be streamlined, relevant to your topic or thesis, and useful to the reader—but its not a place to put all of your research materials. The citations in the references, bibliography, works cited, or endnotes will take care of citing your sources. An appendix is a place for items that help the readers understanding of your work and research and the topic at hand.  If the material is not important enough to refer to in your text, then dont include it in an appendix. Fast Facts: Should You Include an Appendix? Whether you include an appendix depends on your topic and what will benefit the reader. If you answer yes to one or more of these questions, create an appendix.Will supplemental materials aid the readers understanding of your topic?Will they provide resources for further reading or exploration?Will they supply additional depth to the data presented in your report, article, book, or proposal?Will the materials provide additional backup for your thesis or message?Do you have items  that would be unwieldy to present in a footnote? Formatting an Appendix The way in which you format your appendix depends on the style guide you have chosen to follow for your work. In general, each item referred to in your text (table, figure, chart, or other information) should be included as its own appendix. However, if there are many data sets under one grouping, keep them together in their appendix and label each piece appropriately. If you have more than one appendix, label the appendices Appendix A, Appendix B, an so forth, so that you can easily cite them in the body of the  report, and start each on a separate page. For the ease of the readers, put your appendices in the order that you refer to them in the paper and dont forget to note them in the table of contents—if your work has one. Research papers, including academic and medical studies, usually follow APA style guidelines for the formatting of appendices. They can also follow the Chicago Manual of Style. For each of these styles, format the appendix as follows: APA: Center the title, and use upper and lowercase letters. The text of the appendix should be flush left, and you should indent your paragraphs.Chicago: The Chicago style manual also allows for numbered appendices (1, 2, 3, not just A, B, C). As far as location, they appear before any endnotes sections so that any information in the appendices that needs a note can refer to the notes section. If there are many tables in the appendices, though, it might be best to keep the notes with the tables. Appendix vs. Addendum An addendum is new  material added to a book or other written work after its first edition has been produced. For example, an addendum may contain updated research or additional sources that came to light or further explanation about the book from the author. Addendums can also be used in legal documents. An addendum can change the terms of a contract, such as canceling sections or updating terms or pricing in sections of a contract without the contract becoming null and void in its entirety, which would require all parties involved to read, agree to, and sign it again. The parties to the contract simply need to sign the addendum, and usually initial the noted changes.

Essay about Flannery OConnor - 774 Words

Flannery OConnor is a blunt, cruel writer who uses violence to teach theology. OConnors works focus on grace through violent, cruel acts. In her stories its hard to find a happy person or a loving family. Her characters, Mrs. May Greenleaf, the Grandmother A Good Man is Hard to Find, and Hulga Good Country People all make terrible mistakes that result in finding grace through a tragedy. OConnor does not pull punches, but lets her characters suffer the consequences of their actions. The only reward they receive is the knowledge of Gods grace through these acts, but tragically this knowledge comes too late. Flannery OConnor was born in Savanna, Georgia on March 25, 1925 to Edward and Regina OConnor.†¦show more content†¦On Aug 2, 1964 OConnor tragically slipped into a coma and died of kidney failure shortly before midnight(1256) just like many of the characters in her stories. First OConnor introduces the characters that are normal people struggling with everyday life. In Geenleaf Mrs. May is a farmer who is struggling to run a farm and raise two boys to live successful, productive lives as farmers. Too bad the boys have different plans that make Mrs. May whisper I work and I slave...as soon as Im dead, theyll marry trash...and ruin everything.(505) In A Good Man is Hard to Find the Grandmother is just trying to manipulate her family into taking a trip in the right direction to Tennessee instead of Florida, away from where the Misfits, a group of escaped convicts, were. In Good Country People Hulga, a 32 year old, large blonde woman, who had an artificial leg and a PHD in Philosophy, struggled with her disability and looking down on others, She looked at nice young men as if she could smell their stupidity.(268) All 3 characters are normal people struggling with everyday life until OConnor decides to teach them grace through violence. OConnor then introduces them to a situation that leads to hostility. Mrs. May is killed by a bull she has been trying to keep away from her farm. Not just any bull but the same nigger scrub bull(501) that has been ruining her herd(502) and eating her and the boys, and then on,Show MoreRelated Flannery Oconnor1301 Words   |  6 Pageson how the world was dealing with the changes. Flannery O’Connor, a prominent Catholic writer from the South, was one of the many who examined society and shared their philosophies. O’Connor shocked her twentieth century readers with the haunting style and piercing questions in her short stories and novels, which were centered on a combination of her life experiences, her deep Catholic faith, and the literature of the time. Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1925 into one ofRead MoreFlannery OConnor 1111 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor When writing a piece of literature the content is often influenced from the background of the person who is writing. The author, whether consciously or subconsciously, adds in personal experiences or beliefs into their pieces. Flannery O’Connor is a good example of this trend. Her short stories illustrate the hardships, beliefs, and society at the time she lived and was writing. It is most blatantly demonstrated in her collection of short stories entitled, A Good Man Is HardRead MoreFlannery O’Connor Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor was fond of saying, â€Å"When in Rome, do as you done in Milledgeville.† O’Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, but spent the bulk of her life in Milledgeville, and it is her Southern heritage that influenced her and made her writing extremely distinctive in the history that is American literature. As a Roman Catholic in the Protestant-majority South, she was often confronted with the differences be tween the surroundings and herself, a theme that often comes up in her writing. O’ConnorRead More Flannery OConnor Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesFlannery OConnor Flannery O’Connor and the Relationship Between Two of Her Stories Flannery O’Connor was born Mary Flannery O’Connor on March 25, 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, as the only child to Edward F. O’Connor, Jr., and Regina (Cline) O’Connor. Later in 1941, Flannery O’Connor’s father dies of lupus while O’Connor is in Milledgeville, Ga. After her father’s death, O’Connor rarely speaks of him and continues to be active in school projects such as drawing, reading, writingRead More Flannery O’Connor Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesFlannery O’Connor Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. She was an only child, and her parents were deeply religious Roman Catholics. She was educated at the Women’s College of Georgia and the State University of Iowa. While she was at college, she wrote short stories which were published. During this time her father died of lupus, a blood disease that would eventually claim her life as well. After she was diagnosed, she moved to Milledgville, Georgia, for treatment ofRead MoreFlannery OConnor Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesFlannery O’ Connor’s method of writing is extraordinary with the right amount of religion. She writes in a way in which the reader can easily comprehend. Nonetheless, let us first discuss her short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† in this particular piece of writing O’ Connor gives us a sense of irony and suspense throughout the reading. One can easily recall when the family was passing by the beautiful scene ry of Georgia and the grandma had made a racist remark of a Negro child standing in frontRead MoreThe Humor of Flannery OConnor1852 Words   |  8 Pagesresult of a sequence of events and the expected result. Flannery OConnors works are masterpieces in the art of literary irony, the laughable and ridiculous. The incongruous situations, ridiculous characters, and feelings of superiority that OConnor creates make up her shocking and extremely effective, if not disturbing, humor. I say disturbing because OConnors humor, along with humor in general, most often contains the tragic. OConnor has been quoted as saying, The comic and the terribleRead MoreRevelation by Flannery OConnor Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesRevelation [Name of Student] [Name of Institute] Revelation Introduction Revelation  is a  short story  by  Flannery OConnor. It was published in 1965 in her short story collection  Everything That Rises Must Converge. OConnor finished the collection during her final battle with  lupus. She died in 1964, just before her final book was published. A devout  Roman Catholic, OConnor often used religious themes in her work. All my stories are about the action of grace on a character whoRead MoreFlannery OConnor: A Brief Biography842 Words   |  3 Pageswriter to worry is to take over Gods business.† (O’Connor). This statement is encouraging to all believers in God, knowing that it is coming from a fellow Catholic like Flannery O’Connor. O’Connor is associated with the Christian Realism movement, which is a logical view developed by a theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, who argued that the Kingdom of God cannot be realized on earth because of the naturally corrupt trends of society (â€Å"Flannery O’Connor†). This movement began in the late 1940’s and alongRead MoreFlannery OConnor and Her Works913 Words   |  4 Pages Flannery O’Connor â€Å"I am a writer because writing is what I do best,† Known for her unique collection of short stories, Flannery O’Connor had a major impact on the writing industry during the 20th century. She is still to this day considered one of the most famous American authors. She very well shows that your life really impacts your writing technique, and tone of writing. She was born March 3rd, 1925. O’Connor was raised by two very Catholic parents in Savanna, Georgia. Her father, Edward Francis

Shit Heas Essay Example For Students

Shit Heas Essay Act 3, Scene 1Rome. Before the Capitol; the Senate sitting above. previous scene home page next scene A crowd of people; among them ARTEMIDORUS and the Soothsayer. Flourish. Enter CAESAR, BRUTUS, CASSIUS, CASCA, DECIUS BRUTUS, METELLUS CIMBER, TREBONIUS, CINNA, ANTONY, LEPIDUS, POPILIUS, PUBLIUS, and othersCAESAR To the Soothsayer The ides of March are come. Soothsayer Ay, Caesar; but not gone. ARTEMIDORUS Hail, Caesar! read this schedule. DECIUS BRUTUS Trebonius doth desire you to oerread,At your best leisure, this his humble suit. ARTEMIDORUS O Caesar, read mine first; for mines a suitThat touches Caesar nearer: read it, great Caesar. CAESAR What touches us ourself shall be last served. ARTEMIDORUS Delay not, Caesar; read it instantly. CAESAR What, is the fellow mad?PUBLIUS Sirrah, give place. CASSIUS What, urge you your petitions in the street?Come to the Capitol. CAESAR goes up to the Senate-House, the rest followingPOPILIUS I wish your enterprise to-day may thrive. CASSIUS What enterprise, Popilius?POPILIUS Fare you well. Advances to CAESARBRUTUS What said Popilius Lena?CASSIUS He wishd to-day our enterprise might thrive. I fear our purpose is discovered. BRUTUS Look, how he makes to Caesar; mark him. CASSIUS Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention. Brutus, what shall be done? If this be known,Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back,For I will slay myself. BRUTUS Cassius, be constant:Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes;For, look, he smiles, and Caesar doth not change. CASSIUS Trebonius knows his time; for, look you, Brutus. He draws Mark Antony out of the way. Exeunt ANTONY and TREBONIUSDECIUS BRUTUS Where is Metellus Cimber? Let him go,And presently prefer his suit to Caesar. BRUTUS He is addressd: press near and second him. CINNA Casca, you are the first that rears your hand. CAESAR Are we all ready? What is now amissThat Caesar and his senate must redress?METELLUS CIMBER Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar,Metellus Cimber throws before thy seatAn humble heart,KneelingCAESAR I must prevent thee, Cimber. These couchings and these lowly courtesiesMight fire the blood of ordinary men,And turn pre-ordinance and first decreeInto the law of children. Be not fond,To think that Caesar bears such rebel bloodThat will be thawd from the true qualityWith that which melteth fools; I mean, sweet words,Low-crooked courtsies and base spaniel-fawning. Thy brother by decree is banished:If thou dost bend and pray and fawn for him,I spurn thee like a cur out of my way. Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without causeWill he be satisfied. METELLUS CIMBER Is there no voice more worthy than my ownTo sound more sweetly in great Caesars earFor the repealing of my banishd brother?BRUTUS I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar;Desiring thee that Publius Cimber mayHave an immediate freedom of repeal. CAESAR What, Brutus!CASSIUS Pardon, Caesar; Caesar, pardon:As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall,To beg enfranchisement for Publius Cimber. CASSIUS I could be well moved, if I were as you:If I could pray to move, prayers would move me:But I am constant as the northern star,Of whose true-fixd and resting qualityThere is no fellow in the firmament. The skies are painted with unnumberd sparks,They are all fire and every one doth shine,But theres but one in all doth hold his place:So in the world; tis furnishd well with men,And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive;Yet in the number I do know but oneThat unassailable holds on his rank,Unshaked of motion: and that I am he,Let me a little show it, even in this;That I was constant Cimber should be banishd,And constant do remain to keep him so. .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .postImageUrl , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:hover , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:visited , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:active { border:0!important; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:active , .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02 .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u730d95120a5d9a899376e199d7be1e02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cool Hand Luke (Movie) EssayCINNA O Caesar,CAESAR Hence! wilt thou lift up Olympus?DECIUS BRUTUS Great Caesar,CAESAR Doth not Brutus bootless kneel?CASCA Speak, hands for me!CASCA first, then the other Conspirators and BRUTUS stab CAESARCAESAR Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar. DiesCategory: English

Comfort Zone(2015) by Beardfish free essay sample

I would just like to more that you will likely be seeing a slew of progressive rock album reviews. There will be a couple of time when I do break the norm but that will only be to welcome new band into the roster or for a brand new album, at least for now. Beardfish, a Swedish progressive rock/metal band than seems to like Pink Floyd and Genesis a whole lot. Anyways, Comfort Zone is the band`s newest album that showcases alot of keyboard, alot of keyboard, as well as some just some good ol` jamming out. Theres easily some consistentsy in this album which makes it pretty easy to follow. By the way, has anyone noticed that the new age of prog is mostly settled in Sweden? No? Well, tough, because it seems as if there are so many good bands from Sweden like Opeth, Pain of Salvation and Edge of Sanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Comfort Zone(2015) by Beardfish or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Standing at a run time of well over an hour, this will put you on end until you just get used to it. I will see yet another strong contender for album of the year but thats for much later at the moment. Beardfish has done a great job with this release if I do say so myself and Im a prog nerd so shut it. The only gripe I have is that there is way to many synths and keyboards, but that is just nit picking to be honest so it really isnt that bad at all come to think of it. Fans of prog unite for this great release that will transcend space and time as we know it. I dont know about but I feel a strong release with this one and makes a good backdrop for those readers out there as well, or writers it really doesnt matter. I firmly give this a 9/10. This has been the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Bill Gates Essays - Nerd Culture, Altair, Bill Gates, Traf-O-Data

Bill Gates Essays - Nerd Culture, Altair, Bill Gates, Traf-O-Data Bill Gates Introduction "Bill Gates and his empire command fear, respect and curiosity in the world he helped create. Microsoft dominates the software world like no other company in a major consumer industry" (Electric 1). Exactly how did Bill Gates and his partner Paul Allen get their company to such a tremendous height? The history of Microsoft is a very fascinating past full of enterprise and excitement. The Dawning of a great company Bill Gates and Paul Allen are the co-founders of Microsoft. The start of their great success started in high school on a computer terminal. All their free time and money was spent working on that terminal. The development that really inaugurated everything, in the business sense was when they found an article in 1971, in a business magazine about Intel's 4004 chip (Billionaires 70). Soon they both talked about the chip and decided that the microprocessor can only get enhanced. Later in the year Intel came out with a newer chip called the 8008. Bill and Paul the n went out and bought their own 8008 for $360 (Billionaires 70). They thought plan in which Gates and Allen would use this chip to make a computer to do traffic - volume - count analysis. Gates and Allen then set up their first "company" called Traf-O-Data (Billionaires 70). "In 1973 the duo landed their first authentic jobs, helping TRW in Vancouver, Washington, to use minicomputers for the management and distribution of power from hydroelectric dams" (Billionaires 70). Gates' parents wanted him to go to Harvard instead of going into business with Allen. Inevitably, Gates convinced his friend to move to Boston so they could work together, and Allen could get a job programming. It was a magazine article that would ultimately change their lives. A cover story in Popular Electronics describing the MITS Altair 8800. "World's First Minicomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models" (Billionaires 71). When Bill and Paul designed the Traf-O-Data machine they wrote a version of BASIC that they m ight be able to adapt to the Altair. By April Gates and Allen had finished the language and convinced MITS to sell it (Billionaires 71). Allen was offered a job by MITS and both of them went to work in a small office for MITS. "Soon after, Microsoft was born" (Billionaires 71). The Birth of Microsoft In the beginning the management skills of Paul Allen and Bill Gates was somewhat loose. Both men took part every single decision that had to be made (Billionaires 71). They were both very cautious entrepreneurs. If there was any difference in their roles in the company, Allen was the one always pushing for new technology, and Gates was more interested in doing negotiations, contracts, and business deals (Billionaires 71). They acquired knowledge as their company slowly grew. Microsoft's basic business scheme was to charge a price so low that computer makers could not do it for less internally (Billionaires 72). Texas Instruments gave Microsoft one of their largest contracts where Texas Instruments bid $99,000 providing programming languages for a home computer TI was going to produce. Allen and Gates picked that price because they did not want to go into six figures (Billionaires 72). They later found out that TI would have paid much more. When Microsoft started selling to Japanese companies they were so overpromised that it was ridiculous Sometimes the business would get a little frightening. In their very first talk to MITS they set it up so the MITS would sell BASIC to their customers. MITS decided later not to sell it because there were so many pirated copies of BASIC floating around that they did not see why they should charge their customers for it. This seemed to Microsoft that MITS was prompted piracy. Gates and Allen eventually went into arbitration to determine if MITS was complying with the contract (Billionaires 72). While they were in arbitration, they were running out of money because MITS was withholding their payments trying to starve Microsoft to death. The arbitrator took nine months to come to a decision. When it was all over MITS was "ripped apart" (Billionaires 72). That case really scared Allen and Gates. They were worried that they were going

Andrea Yates Argument Paper essays

Andrea Yates Argument Paper essays The death penalty is the most severe punishment awarded to an individual who has abruptly ended the life of another human being. Recently five innocent children died at the hands of a mother who was declared mentally unstable. Andrea Yates was not in control of her own actions when she took the lives of her children, therefore Andrea did not deserve the death Mental illness is a state of mind or feeling or spirit and is closely related to depression. Depression is a suppressed or low feeling. Andrea Yates suffered from a number of mental disorders which increased the state of severe out of control emotions. In her young years she was studious, high achiever, and very caring even to the point of becoming a registered nurse. Not being able to full fill that desire to nuture her sensitivity to the feelings of helping others added to the mental state of depression. Added to that was the death of her father which often times will push down an individual. Andrea was robbed of her spirit of life and body of energy with this helpless feeling of depression. Meanwhile while desperately trying to overcome the state of depression Andrea sought medical help and began taking anti depressant drugs. These drugs do worse damage to an already depressed person. Prozac and Zoloft are so closely related that they can be viewed as the same drug. Prozac can worsen the depression in patients. Andrea Yates was taking Zoloft and the possibility the medication added to the depression driving her further into a mental unstable condition such as psychosis. Added to the fact that during this time she was pregnant and nursing her babies as well. Both of these factors cause post partum depression. It is clear that Andrea Yates never had time to recover from post partum depression before another pregnancy occurred and combined with the anti depressant drugs she lived in continual depression. Pr ...

It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight Essay

It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog - Essay Example Her father was a radio announcer for years and of course his name was used on air. McClusky did not have trouble with her McFest name until she applied for patent for the continuing concerts. That is, of course, when McDonalds got involved. Knowing you have been served from a company like McDonalds (the big dog) would make most regular people give up (the little dog) but not McClusky, This paper will introduce the fight this little dog plans on winning. McDonlads, it would seem has a McFamily of names that cannot be used by others. Those include McWatchy, McDouble, McJobs, McShirt, McPool, McShades, McFree, McRuler, McLight and even just Mc. So McClusky has the wrong last name. There were no objections from the big dog when McClusky raised $30,000 in charity for the Special Olympics last year. Could it be because McDonlads also supports Special Olympics and it was seemingly free advertising for them. Now, $5,000 of that money has gone to pay lawyers to support the little dogs point of view (fight). McClusky says she cant understand when one company can infringe on the rights ones sir name gives them and will continue this fight in the courts, however, she wants this money to go to charity and not to lawyers. McDonalds says they have the legal mandate to protect their trademark and that trademark means anything that starts with Mc. Well, how can that be, McClusky says does that mean because her name is a Mc name that she does not ne ed a separate trademark as she is already part of the Mc names? Surely they cannot force her to change her sir name and this is her chartable business. McDonalds contends that they will continue this fight and that there will be no use of the Mc trademark and McClusky responds with the fact that she cannot change the name of a concert series that has already been functioning for two years. People expect to see that name and that it is a charitable concert raising money for one of several charities. In fact,

Weekly Assignment No. 12 & Weekly Assignment No. 13 Essay

Weekly Assignment No. 12 & Weekly Assignment No. 13 - Essay Example We are reviewing the performance of big contractor companies on the recent projects to select the one we would like to contract with. A business proposal is a kind of business plan when the business is in the conceptual stage. The scope of work, the resources and other business essentials have not yet been finalized. On the other hand, a business plan is the actual plan of a business once everything has been finalized. It has scenario details and is usually made for a period of five years. The business plan includes but is not limited to the products, the cost and benefit analysis, objectives and the marketing plan. Entrepreneurs need a business plan in order to concoct the management and leadership strategies. The business plan suggests the resources that the entrepreneur should arrange as well as the milestones that the entrepreneur has to achieve. The business plan provides the entrepreneur with a firm basis for his/her future decisions and an objective understanding of the business as a

On the botton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On the botton - Essay Example xamples of Caesar, Genghis Khan and very recently Hitler can be used to show that the humans are a war loving people who like nothing better than a good fight. However, there are also shining examples of individuals within their history of great healers and guides such as Abraham, Mohammad and Jesus who seem to have positively influenced more people than many others. Clearly the most important time for this experiment has been the last century where tremendous upheavals were seen in political, social and economic terms (Friedman, 2006). It was the century where some people such as Malthus expected the world to run out of basic necessities such as food but progress made in terms of genetics and better crop growing methods proved him wrong. Quite frankly, the dangers facing the world in terms of food shortage are not finished but it seems that humans may be able to deal with the situation in the future (King & Elliott, 1996). There are also significant gains being made by the human race towards helping the poor of the world with increasing levels of globalisation which has helped bring wealth to many who could not dream of having such high level of resources (Bardhan, 2006). The situation may not be perfect since equality between various individuals remains an elusive goal but the improvements in the life standards for coming generations is all but assured. A large part of that is due to the improvements being made in the health of the humans due to their investments in medical research which will help them live better lives. Some of them may continue to damage themselves through cigarettes and high doses of food which may not be good for them but more and more are becoming conscious of their health and are seeking out ways to improve it (NIH, 2006). This may mean that humans continue to evolve as they have in the past and become better than what we think them to be. Given enough time, I believe that humans will understand what they are doing wrong when they see

Ethicals Dilemma Of A Working Mother Social Work Essay

Ethicals Dilemma Of A Working Mother Social Work Essay INTRODUCTION In every sphere of life it is proved that woman is getting in hand in hand with man. Therefore if man works to earn money, women can manage three careers at a time i.e. earn money, delegate work at home, and at the office as well. How beautifully a working woman juggles these three roles and still is not complaining. [Working Mothers, How Much working -2009] One could define a working mother as a women with a ability to combine a career with the added responsibility of raising a child[Jayita, Murali-2009,p.64] All the educated working mothers work because they tend to need a financial freedom while balancing a professional career. [Working mothers, How much Working- 2009] The ascending numbers of working mothers are seen in the last few decades. Both the partners have to work just because to maintain the financial status of the house. According to the 2003 US census bureau states that fifty percent professionals are the women workers. It is nearly 90% of the women are out of the house for the work delegates. All the women are blessed with various professional skills, if not professional then with the business skills. Though after facing various dilemmas in work place i personally feel that women are quite capable of facing the various challenges which occur in there ways. According to the 2000 US census states that single parent is no longer left behind in this race.[www.working mothers .com] I have chosen this case study because i am a professional woman where i tend to face various difficulties. How hard it is to manage both the delegates i.e. delegates at home and delegates at our work place. It is also to ponder on those aspects where women are going out of ways to manage these various delegates. Also to look at the different dilemmas women is facing while managing these dual career responsibilities. CONTEXT/ History In olden days all the women were aware of their boundaries and limitations. They rendered there whole span of their life for the care of their families, by dwelling in the four walls of the house. Later on a sudden thrust evolved into business sector and public affairs, which made them turn their backs towards thrive families. Those pioneering days are no more .The tie of Gordian has broken down and the feminine dilemma is over. The last two decades has proven that the right time to integrate into their dual career management at home and at the work place has arisen. In the present century the social status of women is trapped under different profound differences. First is the entry into the different hitherto masculine placements. The second is the endeavor of an increasing number of women who jointly balance the family and employment. [Womens two role-1956, reprint-2001] RIGHTS OF CHILD, RIGHTS OF WOMEN/ LEGISLATION RIGHTS OF CHILDREN Their various rights which are bestowed upon children due to U N convention. Children are protected by four P according to the child protection act. Four p are listed below. 1. PROVISION 2.PREVENTION 3.PROTECTION 4.PARTICIPATION. In the provision of rights, child is supposed to be provided with the basic necessity of food, shelter, and education .In the prevention of rights child should be protected from abuse given privacy and has the rights of legal representation. In the protection of rights child is supposed to be protected from sexual abuse, entitled to be protected during war times, conflicts and during the natural disaster causing bad effect on the child. Under the last participation child right act it says that child is entitled in decision making, has voice for his own opinion, and has his own freedom of conscience. According to the UN convention for childrens right they say that, Children should not be ignored, but heard for the better development and welfare of the child. All the courts must understand the grief and suffering the child must be undergoing and must have regards for their wishes. Children were heard and given relief form the courts. Advocacy groups were formed in order to provide help to the children in decision making. A very big BRATS CHARTER is formed where a child can divorce his parent if the child is not happy or dont want to carry on with their parents. Children has right of quality of life where the child has right to choose his own parents either.[UNCRN ACT- 1 WOMENS MATERNITY LEAVE EQUALITY PAY ACT 2010 All the women are given and supported with some of their womens rights. What so ever may be the worked out tenure women is entitled for the one year maternity leave form her office with full paid leave. This is applied only to those who are about to go on the maternity leave from April 2007. They also have increased maternity and adoption pay period from 26 weeks to 39 weeks. Law has also benefited women by scrapping old rule of work experience of six months to be entitled for the 26 weeks maternity leave. [News-2007] According to the equality act 2010 it states that when a woman is working with shoulder to shoulder with a man, then she is entitled for the same amount of benefits in terms of pay and other benefits. The act claims that gender equality has to be included into the contractual terms, considering women not less than a man. Woman should not be discriminated on the basis of her womanhood; on the contrary she should be looked upon with sense of figure of equality. [Equal pay the equality act 2010] The old 1970 equal pay act has replaced few good changes. The various changes which include men and women performing their duties towards their profession should be considered and rated at the same level, and should also be provided with equal standards of salaries for the work generated out of them. Every women is allowed to check across her equal share of pay and the bonus given to her.[ Equal pay act- 2010] WHAT IS ETHICS It is hard to define ethics, but somehow to understand ethics, ethics can be defined as what is correct and incorrect, moral and immoral. Generally ethical behavior is accepted in the society where the behavior is considered with the moral codes. According to the dictionary ethics means The study of standards of conduct and moral judgment and moral philosophy[Youngdictionary.com] Man has always worked hard to understand between correct and incorrect and between ethics and legality. As per dictionary again ethics can be defined as The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by the individuals in his relationship with others [Insightempire.com, p.1] Ethics deals with the study concerned with usually what is morally correct and incorrect. This study is also applied to any theory of moral deeds. Very often ethics refers to how one should live his life? Should he only aim at gathering knowledge or at happiness? If we happen to select happiness, should that happiness be meant only for ourselves or for the whole of the family? Should we live in opulence, should we break laws? What are our obligations when we are living with other human beings on this mother planet, and what examples we are setting for other generation? Ethics are surrounded with all the moral questions form all the corners of life. The main focus of the ethics covers the fundamental crisis of empirical decisions, which includes the practical costs and the levels by which human behavior can be justified. [Ethics by Peter Singh] Few working mothers work just because they are qualified and dont want to find themselves to be hanged around only with the domestic work. The main motive was to get employed was to give a good standard life to the family from different angles.[How working mothers manage-1970] All women are responding towards the pressure of inflationary economy, to achieve high level of education for their children and for self-satisfaction. But working mothers can manage both i.e childcare and home delegates. [Pediatrics vol 56 no-1975] ATTACHMENT THEORY- BOWLBY According to the Bowlbys theory, he ponders over the fact that early childhood is always in straight contact with mothers, or sometimes it is hardly very few steps away from the mother. Mother always tries to keep her child close to her chest i.e. under her feathers. But as soon as the child tends to grow old the closeness and the bonds tends to become lighter, the child seems to get involved with more worldly activities, but when time comes to rest at the night they prefer nobody else and they tend to search for their mothers. This attachment clearly speaks that how mother and Childs bonding is inbuilt bonding. Bowlby stresses on the facts that early age is the age where both child and the mother are very attached to each other and also very much strongly involved for each others feelings and togetherness.[Cyc-net.org] MAIN PARTICIPANTS In my case study i have involved various participants who face various dilemmas in connection with the working mothers while she is managing her dual careers. My first participant whom i would consider is the child. Sufficient evidences has proved that home delegate has a clear impact for women own life and family organization, but both are seems to be important for childrens upbringing.[Journal-Maternal education and early child care-2009] As an educated mother she can and supposed to be giving home achieving activities for her children, taking her child to brain storming events and cover their children in different learning ways , but the dilemma is that due to busy schedule she is unable to give enough time , where the child is neglected of his rights and face the dilemma.[journal maternal education and early child care-2009] It is true that children of working mothers are quite quick in all aspects of life .It is also true that children are more capable and strong towards the ups and downs in their life. Children face dilemmas when they are sick during the holidays when mothers are at work, their right to protection is overlooked and the child is under the dilemma.[How working mothers manage-1970] At early years of stages babies are considered to be going under stress of separation from their mothers when they are about to leave for their work. The dilemma faced by children to manage this rhythm of separation is very stressful.[Managing two careers-1989] Children of lone parents face high rate of emotional dilemmas, because mother is working for the bread butter and is unable to give sufficient and required time for her children.[How working mothers manage-1970] It is also considered that due to working parents specially the mother lack of care and supervision children are found in high number of school dropouts, drug abuse and juvenile delinquency.[Working mothers, how much working-2009] Also one of the important dilemma children face during their mothers are out for work are the invigilation of the various child-minders. If the child shifts from one minder to other, child has to get accustomed to all the various child-minders habits and discipline. Such circumstances confuse the child, to what exactly he or she has to adopt. According to the Lawree Tilton-Weaver-normal behavior controls guides and protects children to master over self-discipline and curtails the problems like disobeying parents, consuming alcohols. Drug abuse and robbery. She states that psychological management over children with more personal feelings breaks out into severe depression and anxiety. For instance if we choose their friends and clothing which turns to be interference with their decision makings, which ultimately falls into damaging there personal feelings. Which means that we are not caring for their personal feelings? Just when working mothers tends to lay down few regulations which children do not accept, and thus the dilemma occurs saying that interference with the feelings of children and adds as a negative impact on the minds of the children towards there working mothers.[ Workingmothers .com] Though various research bodies are working with the protection of the childcare and there progress- it is openly accepted that childrens education and there personal development can only develop childs confidence and peer relationships. However it is very difficult for those children who are under neglected or poor childcare. [Provisions of childcare for working mothers in wales. co.uk] My second participant is the mother herself. Generally mothers balance their identity around mothering and employment. Mothers foremost interest is always care giving to children and family, through there paid employment which upholds the financial status of her house.[I am so much more myself coming back to work-2008] According to Vincent and Ball the need to construct a morally adequate account of oneself, as mothers require of all classes to present their prioritization of their children need[I am so much more myself coming back to work-2006, p.72] Though full time working plays a vital role for upliftment of financial status of the house [managing two careers-1999, 2003] All the working mothers accepted that limited financial freedom will be stressful when staying with children at home. While socializing with other children, children behavior happens to be more worried. Although children of age 6 and 11 years need most attention, but unfortunately mothers find it stressful to commit and dedicate sufficient time for children specially when their children are affected with serious disabilities.[Influence on mothers employment when children have disabilities-2007] Every woman who is a mother can be called as working mother. But those who are with professional career deal with more challenges in balancing there career and family. It is a very difficult and pressurized task, where mother at the end finds that she is left with no time and no social togetherness in society. Few working mothers are quite and sound who are blessed with good encouraging and supportive male partner who gives her the strength to balance her dual career. The dilemma is observed in big ratio that very less percent co-operative male partners are matched. If the children are not co-operative again the working mothers are into big dilemma towards the childcare and upbringing of the child.[ Working mothers .com] Moreover working mothers are worried when child care factors occur. When no home support is provided by in-laws or other relatives to shoulder the children burden. Childcare providers are the last option where the working mother seeks help from. According to Lynne Hill, a policy director for children in wales says that there may not be sufficient options for parents to keep their children with the childcare providers. She says that it is a high task for mothers to balance her work and safety of her child. It matters more with the children with disabilities, where mothers are more specific with the choosing of the childcare options. If she fails to get the opted option she tends to face the dilemma for her child. Though job centers are providing with more jobs to women, but due to various dilemmas working mother are unable to reach the oriented professional goals.[ Wales online.co.uk] The working mothers activity plays a vital role both during the stages of prenatal and postnatal development of the child. At times working mothers has to place her child into the orphanage facility which strongly hampers the childs growth and the future destiny. [S.B.Khatskel- 2006] The is dilemma is that though working women balances both work and home delegates, but still she is not counted as a bread winner or given equal status by the society. She is shouldering the entire burden of the house, but is left unrewarded forever. My third participants would be the employer. As the growing economy tend to need the man power to control the workforce. Women with high pace of education are entering in to the market. Though all the working mothers are supported with the legislation they are finding it difficult to get the jobs. Most of the working mothers are out of job because the dilemmas most employers are facing. Most of the employers avoid child bearing women due to the implementation of the maternity leaves. Nearly 63% employers take these maternity laws as a serious threat to their industries. Many other employers face difficulties to hire mothers on work due to various variation occurring into the support of the working mothers.[Maternity laws hurting women job prospects, News-2007] My fourth participant would be Single Parent. All the working mothers undergo various difficulties. But when we judge and observe a single parent she has double difficulties. She has double difficulties that of emotional and financial balance of the home, for being the bread winner of the house. Single parents families are always under indefinite security, because they cannot predict about the future of their employment. More attention is required as you go at higher level and managerial level; ultimately the dilemma is less hours are dedicated towards the children. The biggest dilemma of the single parent is that every working mothers get holiday but an unsupported working mother is hanged on with day today difficulties throughout her life.[How working mothers manage-1970] Single parents find it difficult at times to choose an affordable childcare option at the proper time and at the right place, this is more effective to single parenting because of lack of support from there life partners, which is stated by- Kate research officer. Especially when mothers have to work for more hours to get more financial support for her family. It becomes more difficult when mothers get low wages to provide a good childcare for her child. [Walesonline.co.uk] The financial conditions of single parent and their children depends upon the group of support structure. Various structures which support the single parents are friends, neighbour, and communities. This shows a crystal clear picture that lone parents can very rarely be financially free. Histarically mothers were not accepted to be working. Nurturing children and also to become the breadwinner for the family is observed to be a drastic burden for the single parents, and disadvantages to their children. [Randy Albelda ,Susan Himmelweit -2004] My fifth participant would be the Husband. The important factor for the working mother would be the right and supporting husband. She may be linked with high position and status or a perfect employer, but if there is no positive signal from her husband towards her working, then she is sure of taking her marital relationship into risk. It is quite sure that it is the husband not the children who sacrifices most when mothers are working. Though culturally saying he understands that women place is inside the house. But still various dilemmas occur into the mind of husband stating that he was deprived of something which he actually expected out of marriage. His dilemma is marriage is not solemnized just for sake of having sex or reproduction of children, and their after looking after them alternatively. Both the partners should have sufficient and class time for each other especially the working mother who is unable to give time for her husband due to busy schedule time.[How working moth ers manage-1970] INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON This international comparison is done just to support my case study. In Asian countries especially in India it is always observed that whether it is a joint family or a neutral family working mother are always supported by their in laws and all the other nonworking members of the family. Support such as childcare, mothers health care, sometimes even the home delegates are fully taken care of. When we compare Britain with India there is a huge difference that of support to the working mother. In India working mothers are given all round support to perform her dual career managements. Grandparents take the place of all the nannies as a privilege to look after their grandchildren.[Working mothers; How much working, and where is the woomanhood-2009] SUGGESTIONS The modern womanhood is epitomized by the professional mothers. The working mothers need to be supported by the modern work providers and the employers, transforming its look from male dominance to gender neutrality. The nuclear family and the joint family unit both need to understand the need and the support a working mother is expecting out. There should be good quality and affordable childcare, where mothers are at peace at their work place. CONCLUSION To sum up it is quite easy to be a woman, mother, and an achiever. Many have achieved it through the back up of society, but many have fought through out there life to prove it. In todays competitive world it is the necessity for the mothers to be working, like their partners to support all angles of their house. As we are living in the advanced world, and still undergoing the male dominating society, should not acknowledge that working mothers are bad mothers. On the contrary should always support and consider working mothers as good mothers. While serving as a mother and also managing her flourishing professional career gives a credit to the working mothers as a sign of completeness of being a woman. The various dilemmas a working mother undergoes are lack of time, and a feeling of guilt for getting deprived of her parenting duties. Many rewards are showered on her, rewards such as personal status, improved economy, and up liftment of family standards .Women work when their spouse is incompetent, or earns inadequate money for the family. A second income adds as an a source of extra income which uplifts the standards and releases the stressful life of the whole family. Working mother should always keep reminding to her family members that she is not working for her leisure, but only and only for the betterment of her family. However it is quite possible for a mother to fight for her right to get her professional right in many different ways. A general person will accept her hard work by saying oh! She earns extra money, but women is never recognized for her hard work which she renders for the whole family. To achieve all the rewards, compromising balance is required at individual level and at work place, which helps the working mothers to satisfy the two careers of her life i.e. a professional career and the motherhood balance.

Justice Versus Empire in J.M. Coetzees Waiting for the Barbarians Essa

Justice Versus Empire in J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians Rhythm is the fundamental element of music; without its pulsing drive, a melody seems aimless, and harmony irrelevant. The beat of a drum awakens the primal within us, calling back ancestral memories and basic instincts. It can lead us to dance and to joy, but also, too often, to war. The war drums beat loudly in cycles throughout history. Many would argue they first became audible to our generation immediately following September 11 th, 2001, and grew deafening with the buildup to our invasion of Iraq. Few would deny that with America's massive global economic and military influence, we have become an empire. Many would argue that we have been an imperial power for some time now. Even so, it is only recently that that recognition has entered the popular consciousness, and so only recently could we begin interpreting artistic analyses and criticisms of imperialism as they relate to our own nation. J.M. Coetzee?s Waiting for the Barbarians paints a disturbing picture of what it means to be a citizen and a proponent of empire, one as applicable to modern America as it was to apartheid South Africa at the time it was written. Coetzee has created a story of Justice versus Empire that applies to us all not just as imperial citizens, but as human beings as well. The Magistrate is the novel?s intellectual and its narrator, so the reader identifies with his position best of all; he acts as a countervailing moral force to the all-consuming drive of Empire. He has a strong commitment to the idea of "decency", a concept we can roughly equate with basic human rights. He shudders at the mistreatment of Colonel Joll's first round of prisoners, and completely loses his... ...hem away from the United States mainland and their own homes and families. They have no rights, and journalistic reporting from the area is minimal if it occurs at all. There is frequent talk of what unspeakable acts may be going on there behind closed doors, and there has been no denial from the United States government. Coetzee?s ability to universalize a tale is disturbing in this modern light. Our leaders would do best to heed the lessons of literature; even now, our own population grows skeptical and is unwilling to accept mere nationalistic bluster as justification. Will Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, and Wolfowitz flee Washington under cover of night someday soon as the people pelt them with stones? It?s a comforting image for some, but even then, the damage may be irreparable. Works Cited: Coetzee, J.M. 1980 Waiting for the Barbarians Harmondsworth, Penguin.

Marketing educational organizations

The basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993). Amidon (2002), in her recent work entitled The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage states that the rapid shift in orientation over the past 50 years from data to information to knowledge is a profound and fundamental change that highlights the importance of individual and collective knowledge in the new economy.   The rapid changes that have taken place in this new era have created a â€Å"new economy† that presents new challenges and problems. There are now new markets that are available and the traditional mindsets or practices that have been utilized by institutions and foundations in the past may even be no longer applicable to the current scenario.   This short discourse seeks to explain how these changes have created an impact in the â€Å"new economy† by highlighting the influence that these changes have made to modern education administration theory in relation to the emerging contemporary marketing perspectives. As previously mentioned, the basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993).   While this may not necessarily be a new concept, it certainly creates an added dimension in this discussion as it leads to three (3) implications. The first being that educational institutions are no longer immune or removed from the â€Å"new economy†, as was previously thought; the second implication being that education presently being looked upon to provide answers or solutions to the challenges of preparing people for this new environment or â€Å"new economy† and the third being that educational institutions need to face radical organizational change issues in order to be aligned with the â€Å"new economy† consumer and the operating requirements demanded by the â€Å"new economy†. In order to properly understand or comprehend the impact of these changes it is first essential to delve into a brief discussion of what marketing really means and how it is currently being understood in the context of the present day discussions regarding this issue.   â€Å"Marketing, according to Kotler (1994, p. 6), â€Å"is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they most need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others†. As key to achieving organizational goals, marketing focuses on satisfying customers and meeting their needs and is central to any organizational improvement.   This aspect of marketing is what makes it essential to the concept of the â€Å"new economy† in that marketing determines the success of organizations existing and operating within the bounds of the â€Å"new economy.† Since the marketing has constantly evolved evolving from a concept with the purpose of convincing consumers that they should buy what is offered, to a conceptual base that suggest that the product or service be customized to meet and satisfy what consumers want, its applicability to modern education administration now becomes clear. There is no question that with the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† there has been a shift towards education being a basic resource of society (Drucker 1993).   What is questionable however is the extent that this shift is relevant to contemporary marketing perspectives.   The answer to this question lies in the relevance that education has in the application of contemporary marketing perspectives. As an ongoing conceptual evolution in practice, marketing in education is the key to gaining a competitive advantage over the other players in the field.   While this relevance may substantially vary from one educational institution to another, there are some elements of marketing that have always (arguably) existed in educational institutions. As Amidon highlights, this is now the essential ingredient for economic prosperity (Amidon 2002).   The reason for this is because of the impact that education has on contemporary marketing perspectives.   In this highly competitive â€Å"new economy†, for any player to survive and to prosper, it must be able to sustain its advantage over the other players.   This can only be achieved by employing an effective strategy aimed at developing the current advantages and addressing the needs as posed by the current disadvantages which the organization is faced with.   An effective strategy however necessarily entails initiating an analysis of the total operating environment (Porter 1996). There are those however who are highly critical of the idea of applying contemporary marketing perspectives to modern education administration theory, citing that there is no need to apply such perspectives because of the fact that educational institutions are beyond the realm of these perspectives and are hence inapplicable to the current scenario.   But as shown in the earlier discussion, the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† has indeed prompted the examination of traditional views and practices and necessitated the application of new theories such as contemporary marketing perspectives. The resistance to such application also springs from the fact that most of these educational institutions are too focused on the perceived failure or threats from the application of such theories that they, in essence, become too hesitant to institute or implement such changes (Kotler 1985).   The tendency of institutions to embrace these perspectives only when they are confronted with problems that they cannot deal with at a time when the application of these perspectives may become too late is the real problem.   Institutions, according to Kotler, must learn to realize and understand that the analysis of opportunities is more important than focusing on the perceived threats and dangers that come from its utilization in such a scenario (p 75). Marketing of education has been approached mainly from the operational level as tools for student recruitment and income generation. Responsible marketing in education, as called for by its terms of reference, is concerned with how to effectively bring students into contact with programs that are both beneficial and rewarding from the broadest sense of personal as well as societal fulfillment (Liu 1998). Most, if not all, of the current individual educational institutions are at any of the three (3) stages in terms of their understanding and application of marketing to modern education administration.   While it has been argued that in the current scenario marketing is only at the early stages of development in most educational institutions, typically at stage 1 or stage 2 of this continuum, there promises to be more growth and development in this field because of the relevance that it has as discussed in the previous segments of this discourse.   Marketing, therefore, as a selling or product based concept can be applied to modern education administration. The application of marketing perspectives to educational theories is possible in many different aspects.   One of these aspects is in recruitment, which is analogous to the earlier theory of coming up with a strategy.   In this aspect, marketing can play a very important role as it will effectively make the educational institution stand out and become more recognizable.   When products become increasingly similar, companies need to segregate themselves from the rest of the players to create a preference for their offerings. This is similar to the current scenario which exists in the education sector wherein most schools provide the same basic services and information as others.   By employing marketing strategies, such as branding, these educational institutions are able to distinguish themselves from the other players in the field by promising that the company's offering will create and deliver a certain level of performance, and in this case that the education offered will be exactly what the target market needs in order to succeed (Kotler 1994). The concept of branding is also applicable to a stage one (1) or stage two (2) marketing approach which essentially is limited to recruitment.   The ability of branding to increase recruitment is only one aspect as branding has also been shown to increase retention and referral.   This however exposes a fundamental difference between the various approaches to marketing education. A stage three (3) marketing approach incorporates a focus on what can be termed the 3Rs: †¢ recruitment – student (and parent) †¢ retention – student (and parent) †¢ referral – student (and parent).   The successful implementation of these strategies however clearly creates for opportunities for any educational institution than it does threats and therefore strengthens the position that there indeed is an advantage that contemporary marketing perspectives can bring to the field of modern education administration. In conclusion, the dawning of the â€Å"new economy’ which emphasizes the primacy of knowledge and education also brings about new challenges and opportunities for the field of education administration.   In order to capitalize on this whoever education institutions need to recognize the fact that there are indeed more benefits to be gained from employing these perspectives and should instead consider marketing and strategy concepts that allow for sophisticated planning, implementation and monitoring procedures to anticipate and meet customer needs and enhance satisfaction in line with the current development in marketing theories. References: Amidon, DM (2002) The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA Drucker, Peter (1993) Post capitalist society, Butterworth Heinemann, UK Kotler, Philip (1994) Marketing management, Prentice-Hall International, USA. Liu, Sandra (1998) Integrating Strategic Marketing on an Institutional Level Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Journal of Marketing for HIGHER EDUCATION

Overview of The History of Sexuality

Overview of The History of Sexuality The History of Sexuality is a three-volume series of books written between 1976 and 1984 by French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault. The first volume of the book is titled An Introduction while the second volume is titled The Use of Pleasure, and the third volume is titled The Care of the Self. Foucault’s main goal in the books is to disprove the idea that Western society had repressed sexuality since the 17th century and that sexuality had been something that society did not talk about. The books were written during the sexual revolution in the United States. Thus it was a popular belief that up until this point in time, sexuality was something that was forbidden and unmentionable. That is, throughout history, sex had been treated as a private and practical matter that should only take place between a husband and a wife. Sex outside of these boundaries was not only prohibited, but it had also been repressed. Foucault asks three questions about this repressive hypothesis: Is it historically accurate to trace what we think of sexual repression today to the rise of the bourgeois in the 17th century?Is power in our society really expressed primarily in terms of regression?Is our modern-day discourse on sexuality really a break from this history of repression or is it a part of the same history? Throughout the book, Foucault questions the repressive hypothesis. He does not contradict it and does not deny the fact that sex has been a taboo subject in Western culture. Instead, he sets out to find out how and why sexuality is made an object of discussion. In essence, Foucault’s interest does not lie in sexuality itself, but rather in our drive for a certain kind of knowledge and the power that we find in that knowledge. The Bourgeois and Sexual Repression The repressive hypothesis links sexual repression to the rise of the bourgeoisie in the 17th-century. The bourgeois became rich through hard work, unlike the aristocracy before it. Thus, they valued a strict work ethic and frowned upon wasting energy on frivolous pursuits such as sex. Sex for pleasure, to the bourgeois, became an object of disapproval and an unproductive waste of energy. And since the bourgeoisie were the ones who were in power, they made the decisions on how sex could be spoken about and by whom. This also meant they had control over the kind of knowledge that people had about sex. Ultimately, the bourgeois wanted to control and confine sex because it threatened their work ethic. Their desire to control talk and knowledge about sex was essentially a desire to control power. Foucault is not satisfied with the repressive hypothesis and uses The History of Sexuality as a means to attack it. Instead of simply saying that it is wrong and arguing against it, however, Foucault also takes a step back and examines where the hypothesis came from and why. Sexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome In volumes two and three, Foucault also examines the role of sex in ancient Greece and Rome, when sex was not a moral issue but rather something erotic and normal. He answers questions such as: How did sexual experience come to be a moral issue in the West? And why were other experiences of the body, such as hunger, not subject to the rules and regulations that have come to define and confine sexual behavior? Source: SparkNotes Editors. (n.d.). SparkNote on The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Volume 1. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Foucault, M. (1978) The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. United States: Random House. Foucault, M. (1985) The History of Sexuality, Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure. United States: Random House. Foucault, M. (1986) The History of Sexuality, Volume 3: The Care of the Self. United States: Random House.

Effective Customer Service Strategy Tourism Essays

Effective Customer Service Strategy Tourism Essays Effective Customer Service Strategy Tourism Essay Effective Customer Service Strategy Tourism Essay Over the last two decennaries, cultural touristry has moved from a niche market into the mainstream of the touristry industry being one of the fastest turning facets of touristry. Consisting a rich and diverse cultural heritage ensures universe s capacity to pull international cultural tourers, giving cultural touristry a competitory advantage in the extremely competitory touristry concern ( World Cultural Tourism Association web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //kasct.co.kr/eng/intro01.htm ) . Furthermore, non-traditional tourers are progressively demanding for service quality that is considered as value for money ( Sharpley and Forster, 2003 ) . Supplying service quality therefore will assist bettering satisfaction of visitants and this is believed to take to reiterate visits, positive word-of-mouth and increased international trial ( Ramsaran-Fowadar, 2007 ) . 1.2. Background of survey Increasing acknowledgment of the importance of heightening service quality in cultural heritage scenes appeared merely since the late 1990s witnessing a renewed involvement in travelers to rediscover the yesteryear ( Boyd and Timothy, 2003 ) . And, with 1 billion of international travelers expected in 2012, among the many motives for traveling, sing cultural sites and detecting new traditions and imposts rank high on traveler s list. Amidst cultural attractive forces, museums are considered to be the most popular attractive force, normally followed by art galleries and memorials ( McKercher, 2004 ) . For case, France started the operations every bit early as the 1950 s by incorporating originally independent museums, and today Louvre Museum in Paris is the most visited museum in the universe with 8,800,000 visitants in 2011 ( beginning: The Art Newspaper ) . Hence, in order to derive competitory advantage, museum service suppliers should concentrate on the ways to pull more cultural visitants by analyzing visitants perceptual experiences on the service quality provided at their attractive forces. In the national context, the Mauritanian touristry has now evolved into a genuinely planetary industry and is seeking ways to place its image as a cultural touristry finish contemplating its vision to pull two million tourers by the twelvemonth 2020. During the startup of the International Museum Day in May 2012 themed Museums in a changing World, New Challenges New Aspirations, the president of the Mauritius Museums Council, Goorah Beebeejaun said The 21st century is dedicated to the civilization. We have a new function to play.A We must introduce and make over constructs to advance our civilization, which is an unconventional instruction. Therefore, puting underscoring on the demand of analyzing the importance of efficient service quality bringing in museums in order to supply fulfilling experiences to visitants. 1.3. Research Problem An effectual client service scheme has the potency to better visitant dealingss to such an extent that it should take to betterments in the museum s repute and image, and more chances for growing through enhanced visitant and user satisfaction. However, clients may hold different values and different evidences for appraisal so they may comprehend the same service in different ways ( Edvardsson, 1996 ; Rowley, 1999 ) even if the service bringing procedure has been standardised. . This basically means using an evidence-based model, like SERQUAL to place exactly what each visitant group values, and so clearly pass oning this to all frontline employees. Hence, this thesis serves the intent of evaluate the service quality bringing procedure at LAventure du Sucre and its consequence on Customer Satisfaction. 1.4. Research Aims Adjacently, the survey aims at turn toing the undermentioned aims: To look into whether the quality of services provided meet the degree of visitant s outlooks // general outlooks prior visit to the sugar museum ; Measuring visitants perceptual experiences of quality of service experienced at LAS ; Identifying the characteristics of service that reveal the strong and weak countries ( spreads ) throughout the service bringing procedure utilizing the SERVQUAL theoretical account ; To find degree of client satisfaction achieved at the museum by carry oning a quantitative questionnaire study. 1.5. Chapter Breakdown To be more expressed and concise, the thesis comprises of interconnected chapters as outlined below: Chapter 1 is an overview on how bringing of quality services affects visitants experiences at museums, which are portion and package of cultural touristry both globally every bit good in the national context. Chapter 2 reviews the turning literature on service quality, understanding the importance of its execution in the service bringing procedure and how it relates to Customer Expectations, Perceptions and Satisfaction taking into consideration the construct of Museums as a service house and cultural attractive force. Chapter 3 gives a brief history of attractive forces, specifically museums in Mauritius in add-on to a background of the company and how it place and distinguish itself among its rivals staying to service quality committednesss at the top direction degree. Chapter 4 formulates the research methodological analysis sketching the research procedure carried out for roll uping informations on service quality bringing and client satisfaction at the museum in order to carry through the aims set out in the study. Chapter 5 presents the existent findings of the study conducted along with needed analysis. Chapter 6 offers appropriate suggestions and recommendations after analyzing the findings to react to existent demands and outlooks of visitants. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis by critically measuring the relationship between service quality bringing and client satisfaction and supplying an analytical grasp to dig into farther research on how to value the cardinal participants in service quality, that is the clients.

Brief a Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Brief a Case - Assignment Example He was a Phoenix resident. Miranda was sentenced to serve between 20 to 30 years in prison. However, he appealed to the Supreme Court of Arizona stating that the police had acquired his confession through unconstitutional means. This court ruled against him and upheld his conviction. However, the U.S Supreme Court decided to review Miranda’s case three years after his original conviction as he decided to appeal for the second time. The legal question that the U.S Supreme Court had to ponder about was whether a suspect ought to be made aware of their rights prior to any form of interrogation. To answer this question, the Supreme Court had to analyze the American judicial system and provide new restraints that the society must follow when prosecuting individuals of any crime. The Supreme Court determined that if an individual is to be subjected towards any form of interrogation, they must first be made aware of their rights such as the right to an attorney that can be provided by the state if the suspect is indigent and even to remain silent (Clarkson et al. 210). Remaining silent was an option that the suspect could take but it had to come with an explanation that anything that the suspect would say could be used against them during a court hearing. This implies that if the suspect decides to withhold certain information and then produce it during the session, it could strengthen the case against them. The right to be provided an attorney during the interrogation was to ensure that the interrogation is undertaken on constitutional grounds. This was to ensure that the constitution is as fair as possible since the individual remains innocent until proven otherwise. This implies that the suspect not only has privileges such as remaining silent due to the protection of the constitution but also a consequence that could

Marine Cargo Claims Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marine Cargo Claims - Assignment Example In an attempt to keep pace with fast moving goods, sea waybills have avoided cargo congestion at destination terminals caused by delayed bill of lading arrivals from the consignor or one of the banks involved in the credit transaction2. The late arrival of waybills does not affect delivery because, contrary to a bill of lading, the nature of a sea waybill is different from that of a bill of lading in that the former is a non-negotiable document, and to receive the goods, the consignee does not need to present the original sea waybill3. The sea waybill, however, cannot replace the bill of lading in many important areas of marine. This paper examines the bill of lading as a document of title by endorsement. Although the sea waybill is important, it cannot replace the bill of lading in many important areas of marine transport where a document of title is required4. Bills of lading are still widely used in any trade that requires the sale of goods during the voyage, such as commodity tra des5. In the case of oil tanker trade, or bulk cargoes of grain, ore, and coal, for instance, the cargo is often the subject of repeated negotiations while in transit. Furthermore, only bills of lading, due to their negotiability, can serve as security for loans since banks may collect waybills without any documented approval. A bill of lading, as a foundation of overseas trade, serves three distinct purposes6. First, they are a receipt for goods. Second, they are the best evidence of the contract of carriage, and third, they are a negotiable document of title. By serving the last function, the bill of lading replaces those goods indicated on its face, enabling the endorser to transfer the property in the goods7. The last function is the one dealt in depth in this paper. By endorsing a bill of lading, the carrier states that it has received the specified goods and it promises to transport and deliver them to designated and legitimate endorsee or consignee. In international trade, bi lls of trade once passed legitimately for value out of the hands of the shipper; facilitate the documentary credit process as documents of title, where payment is made against a document upon which reliance can be placed to represent the goods shipped8. Ownership of the bill of lading is tantamount to ownership of the goods. Banks, through a system of documentary credit, finance a considerable proportion of international trade9. Under the normal CIF contract, the seller is supposed to take to take to the bank the bill of lading alongside other documents upon shipment of the goods10. When these documents are presented in the right form to the bank, the seller can now pay the contract price. Possessing of the bill of lading is equal to possessing the goods according to three different purposes11. First, the holder of the bill of lading is entitled to delivery of the goods at the port of discharge12. Second, the holder can claim the possession of the bill of lading when they are being carried only be endorsing it13. Third, the bill of lading can be used as a security for a debt14. By commercial usage, the bill of lading has become the key document in the contract of sale. Accordingly, the seller is obliged to tender to the buyer a shipped onboard bill of lading under common shipment contracts concluded on C&F and CIF terms15. Where the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, otherwise known as

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique - Movie Review Example This is indicative of his search for his own personal position in the superficial world he has constructed around his identity. E: This quotation proves that Oedipus is destined to find out that he has already harmed himself. He has already lived up to the prophecy that was delivered to him, now he pursues the knowledge that will vindicate the verdict. A: A senator told Creon that he does not stay focused on the actions of his masters. At that moment, Oedipus entered and immediately confronted Creon and asked if he though he was a fool who would immediately defend himself after being accused of murdering the former king. This quotation represents Oedipus’ deployment of defense mechanism as a means of justifying why he could never be implicated in the murder of his father. While at the same time, he deploys the mechanism because he is coming to grips with the conclusion that he could indeed be the murderer. Oedipus is attempting to escape the knowledge of his fulfillment of his preordained fate. While his search for the answer drives him further insane, he feels as if he will never returned to normality until he knows for sure. He escapes the bliss of ignorance out of pure curiosity. Oedipus realized that his self fulfilled prophecy could have been handed down to his daughters who will have no husbands. Hence he seeks their departure with him to a land where he will not be followed by his dreadful past. At this point, Oedipus has accepted his fate and wanted to reveal it to society as a means of self purification. But even then he feels as if the pain is to bearable and travels further down the path of self destruction. This shows that rejection of ones fate forces the individuals to suffer from more pain. If he would have accepted his fate as destiny, he would have been less hard on himself and attributed the wrongful actions to the gods who cast that fate upon

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss Essay Example for Free

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss Essay Both nature and nurture play an important role in early human development. However, people have always wondered that our gene which we inherited from our parents or environmental factors influenced the most. This has been a mysterious around the globe for centuries. This essay will analyze that nurture is the most important. Nature which is the heredity from our parents plays a huge role in the development. Our personal characteristics were determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. The decision of our sex, hair color, eyes color comes from the gene which we inherited from our parents. Another example for the affections of gene on the development of human is that, a twin who was separated for almost 35years with different life history still share the same interest and personality when they meet each other. Moreover, because of the genetically programmed maturation , children’s behavior after birth flows the same as the time schedule of their innate ability such as rolling over, sitting without support, standing while holding on to furniture, etc. Although we see that nature influenced human the most, what really influences the development is nurture. For instance, even if all children go through the same sequences of motor behaviors, different children will go through the same stage at different rates. What’s more, the extension of motor behaviors can be hastened by extra stimulation or practice that infants received. As we can see, a child who was given an extra practice of walking everyday began to walk earlier than children who didn’t practice. Also, the development of speech is accelerated if an infant is encouraged and stimulated to speak. According to the belief of John Locke, babies have blank minds after their births. Their minds only improved from what they’ve learned and experienced through their senses. They do not inherit from their parents. Similarly, according to John B. Waston and B. F. Skinner, the nature of human can be adaptable. It doesn’t really depend on the heredity of the child but it does depend on the training that the child has received. He also stated that he can turn any infants to any kind of specialists such as lawyer, doctor, artist, or even thief and beggar regarding to his training but not their race of ancestors, tendencies, talents or abilities. In conclusion, either nature or nurture influenced new born infants in their own ways. It seems they can back up with strong supports. However, nurture influences more than nature because it has a strong power to alter our natural form and can possibly turn us into somewhat different. In my opinion, I also believe that nurture has a strong impact on children’s development because from my personal experience, I have to study in order to get the knowledge and skills and my lifestyle just adapt to the environment around me.

Cities :: Sociology, Rising Urban Stars

Most people live in cities, while other live in rural areas. A city life is usually more exhilarating because it got shopping malls, restaurants, schools, transportation, hospitals, and much more. But what is a city? A city is a large area were group of people with similar characteristics live and practice their ordinary daily activities. According to Caves (2005), a city cannot be defined by one definition because it includes many things that give many definitions. Each city has a different way of developing and growing, it takes different steps to become more sustainable, and has the proof, such as Dubai, that shows it is a triumphant city. Many ways are available for the city to evolve. Foroohar (2006) stated that a city could grow when country’s government search for ways to decentralize the work. As an illustration, "Rising Urban Stars" cities such as Las Vegas, Dubai, and Cape Town are offering abundance of flourishing careers in service businesses like banking and entertainment that help the city to evolve (Foroohar, 2006). Another way for the city to expand is developing the technology. According to Foroohar, â€Å"areas with high-tech or "knowledge based" industries like finance--witness the renaissance of New York and London, and the explosion of growth in Shanghai or Hong Kong.† (2006, para.5). Cities with high technology bloom swiftly where the bankers become wealthier, salaries become higher, and the cost of real-estate soared (Foroohar, 2006). A third possible way for a city to develop is through expanding the city’s economy. Foroohar (2006) asserted that budding economies help the cit y to grow fast. For instance, 55 cities in China, 12 cities in Indonesia, and 10 cities in India are of the top 150 swiftly-expanding cities, they expand with the aid of the expanding economy in the city (Foroohar, 2006). Moreover, Arnold (2010) reported that trading and making business with foreigners is crucial for the city’s economy that promotes the city’s growth. Arnold continues by saying that’ â€Å"Legislative issues need to be addressed because they bring down funding costs and increase the absorptive capacity of the economy.’† (Shaher as cited in Arnold, 2010). Furthermore, cities can develop and enlarge through excellent transportation. Foroohar (2006) believes that outstanding transportation appeals people and businesses to the city and that helps the city to grow. In essence, cities follow different routes to expand and develop; however, they all reach the same point.

Travel Agent Career Project

The occupation that I chose is to be a Travel Agent. â€Å"Travel agents sell transportation, lodging, and admission to entertainment activities to individuals and groups who are planning trips. They offer advice on destinations, plan trip itineraries, and make travel arrangements for clients. † (OOH) The reason i chose this job is because my mom is a travel agent so I am able help her out a lot, and after long experience i discovered that i enjoyed being a travel agent and that i would like to be one in the future.Ive been helping her out for at least seven years, and i am very experienced and knowledgeable with all of the systems, and how everything goes. My personality type description shows that I am a confident person who is always sure of there self, and that I speak my mind directly and honestly. I am strong opiniated and i am very convincing. People admire my determination and my social skills, which shows that i achieve high standards to keep the respect that others h ave for me.I am very creative and i dont like repitition, so i always need to be challenged to keep myself interested. I am also very imaginative which helps me look beyond everything to find a solution or think of how everything goes. I dont go well with slackers and everything has to be done on time. Also the personality trait says that people are impressed with my knowledge, and that i am very respectful so people feel comfortable with me. After i completed the whole values worksheet/evaluation, i realized that my main values in life are: fame, money, power and humanitarianism.I feel that these values fit into my career choice because many famous people like to go on vacations, and that if i succeed my expectations, i can become a rich, famous and popular travel agent. You need to be knowelgeable with: customer and personal service, geography, sales and marketing, transportation, and the english language. Also you need a high school degree, or something equal to it. You do not ne ed training, but many people like to go to travel school so they are ready. You need very well social skills. You have to be reasonable, and you cannot be rude. You have to be able to solve issues, and keep everyone happy.The national pay per year is $31,870. The interests and aptitudes for this job are: social skills, people skills, managing skills, computer skills, geographical skills, and knowledge on tours, transpiration, and policies. I think i meet this criteria because I have all of those skills, i have traveled many times, and i am very familiar with everything a travel agent needs to know. â€Å"Developing and following a well laid-out plan, networking effectively to get good information and advice, and impressing people by becoming very knowledgable about their interests and/or organizations. (MBTI) There isnt really a promotion for this job. Everybody does the same exact thing. The benefits of this job can be the tip, commision, and/or hourly rates you get paid. Since th is job doesn’t have major promotions, there really isnt a big difference for that instance. There isnt any information on benefits. Works Cited http://www. onetonline. org/link/summary/41-3041. 00 https://connection. naviance. com/family-connection/personality-type â€Å"Summary. † U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 11 July 2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. .

Narendra Modi Essay

1. Showing concern about the dwindling importance of teaching profession in the eyes of youth, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that there is need to find out why the value of a teacher has lost its sheen and why students don’t want to be teachers when they grow up. 2. The Prime Minister said there is a great demand for good teachers in the world, and India being a young country should be able to produce good quality teachers for the world. 3. PM Modi talked about the importance of teachers and called for the need of creating good quality teachers in the country who could be ‘exported’ to the world. He said people who had achieved something in life and taken to a profession such as doctors and engineers should teach students in a school for one period in a week. 4. Talking about the significance of Teachers’ Day, PM Modi remembered Dr Radhakrishnan and said serving the nation does not only mean doing grand things; doing small things is a big service to the nation. 5. PM Modi reiterated what he had said on his Independence-Day speech of having toilet facilities for girl students in every school. 6. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that nation building should become a national movement and every individual should be associated with it. 7. Giving encouragement to girl-education, PM said an educated girl further educates at least two more families. 8. Inspirational lives of great personalities help in shaping our character, PM Modi called the students to read biographies to explore about the lives of great people. 9. Describing himself as a ‘taskmaster’, PM Modi said he worked hard and expected the same from others. He added he expected work to be completed on time. 1O. Modi concluded his speech by saying that a teacher must play an important role through a person’s life. A teacher-student relationship must always be nurtured. Keep the child in you alive. Keep smiling and playing.

The key strands of thought in Sociology Essay Example

The key strands of thought in Sociology Essay Example The key strands of thought in Sociology Essay The key strands of thought in Sociology Essay In this assignment I intend to examine in detail some of the main strands of thought associated with industrial sociology. To avoid the notion of schools of thought within sociology the term strand has been coined which allows to bring together the different contributions with whom a pattern has appeared and have something in common (Watson, 2003, p. 21) In exploring this topic in further detail one can see that there are six main strands. These include the managerial-psychologistic strand in which Watson points out is a strand in which contains what are usually seen as quite separate and indeed contrasting styles of thought (Watson, 2003 p. 21) Other stands include work by influential and renowned figures of sociology who include Durkheim in the Durkheim-systems strand, Marx in the Marxian strand and Weber in the Weber-social action strand. Lastly the sixth strand which will be examined within the assignment is that of the postmodernist perspective and poststructuralist. The first strand that will be explored is the managerial-psychologistic strand. This strand can be broken down into two key developments in this strand which are Scientific management and Psychological humanism. In looking at this one could argue that this strand does not strictly cover the work of sociology at work but rather it looks at the human side and is one in which sociologists look to and indeed critique to provide alternatives. The scientific managements advocate was F.W Taylor whom was an American engineer and consultant between 18-56-1917. Essentially what Taylor tried to do was develop an efficient work-force by cutting the unnecessary workers which became surplus to requirements due to the experiments he conducted which focused on the time being the factor. Taylors formulation signified producing more for lower cost per unit, usually by eliminating unnecessary workers. Similarly, how quickly signified that time and money were equivalent. Above all, efficiency was a science (Norton, 2006 p. 468) According to Watson (2003, p. 21) psychologism is a tendency to explain social behaviour based solely on terms of the psychological characteristics of the individual. This leads onto an important sociologists work; Mc Gregors theory X and Y. Essentially what this theory is trying to establish is that workers have a need to find fulfilment at work (Parker et al. 1967 p, 158) Theory X suggests that individuals need to be controlled by managers whereas Theory Y suggests that managers should adapt a strategy of worker self-fulfilment. If they do not, they will feel deprived, resulting in a work force negatively inclined to managements goals. (Parker et al. 1967, p, 158) Another aspect of the psychologistic strand in the people with needs, democratic humanism is that of Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper hierarchy of needs. Essentially what Maslow was implying was that a person has a basic set of needs that need to be fulfilled before one can move onto the next level of needs. As people move up the pyramid the needs become more social and psychological as opposed to the base levels which are effectively very basic needs like shelter, food and sleep. One can see that the humanistic nature of the psychological strand leads onto and indeed can be linked to that of the Durkheim-systems strand which will now be explored. Durkheim-systems styles contrasts with that of the psychologistic in that it looks at the social system in which the individual is a part. Watson (2003, p, 27) describes the social system as society as a whole, or, alternatively, it may be the work of the organisation or even a subunit of the organisation. The key idea within this concept is that the relationship patterns within a society are explored rather than the actual individual. One of the leading sociologists who pioneered this work is Emile Durkheim. Durkheim explored the concept of anomie which as Watson (2003, p, 28) describes a form of social breakdown in which the norms that would otherwise prevail in a given situation cease to operate. Durkheim gave rise to a concept which is coined as systems thinking. Watson (2008, p. 44) describes systems thinking as social entities such as societies or organisations which are viewed as if they were self-regulating bodies exchanging energy and matter with their environment in order to survive. It can be argued that the greatest benefit of systems thinking gave rise to the development of study on work organisations which became recognised as a part of a social environment. Two important strengths from recognising the organisation as an environment where relationships have to be developed and maintained in order for the organisation to continue and also the fact that any factor affecting relationships in subunit of the organisation can be impacted on in another part of the organisation. The influence on systems thinking has a long reach into industrial relations and played a key part in many of the reports commissioned and indeed had its roots planted deeply in the Fox report of 1972.