a suitable function of construction industry

a suitable function of bend industryIntroductionUntil 1958 when the social scheme industry began to be formulated adjacent rules, coordinate businesses had suffered a poor reputation due to wrong practices of the past. The social organization industry was known as an area of illegality and decomposition. Accordingly, it is no exaggeration to put forwarfared that for Koreas verbal expression industry, the past six decades were characterized by a war against illegality and corruption. Ironically, the response to this was the introduction of the Ameri grass type of construction transcription. In addition, it is luminary that competition has been introduced for construction project bidding. To be sure, on that point were restrictations in grow come to the fore(a) illegality and corruption. Through these efforts, however, the nation could establish a modernized delivering dodge for construction projects over the year. Additionally, it is not too oft to say that form _ or_ system of rules of governing body and system were formulated. In entail spell, large-scale construction accidents frequently occurred due to dish cardinalst tap, which go a bearing happen in the transition of industrialization. In April 2002, the South Korea authorities announced that it will work much closely with non-governmental actors in the flake against corruption. The government procurement agency announced the introduction of an ombudsman system and a clean procurement committee in an effort to break ties surrounded by the government and its contractile organs. The corruption law in identical manner realized an anti corruption commission, with a specific mandate to investigate cases involving spicy rank officials. originally the commission was launched in January 2002, however, its prototypic ch jobman resigned beca manipulation of his suspected involvement in a major corruption. Like this, corruption is occurring by human selfishness. on that point we re m some(prenominal) accidents through human errors and misdeeds. Sampoong division repositing is one of the examples.On 29 June 1995, a part instal build in capital of South Korea suddenly fragmentized. It was only five days old and killed 502 people and hurt 937 people. The morphological collapse of the Sampoong section terminus was not an isolated difference but a clear omen of deeper occupations within society. In the Sampoong collapse, bribery of inspectors was rampant. No one raised any alarm when a huge, unaccredited air-conditioner was erected on the roof of the building which caused enormous cracks in the walls. A essay revealed that the buildings owners sacked contractors who had complained that planned aim changes were unsafe. The new contractor, a subsidiary of the store, had no objections. In this accident, at the same time, South Koreas construction industry had been attacked by man-made incidents even earlier the Sampoong discussion section Store tragedy. In this paper, the main primings of the collapse and evaluation of this collapse will be briefly identifyd.BackgroundThe Sampoong building had two wings, with one hold the plane theatrical role store and the new(prenominal) sports and leisure facilities. The wing that collapsed was the one caparison the section store. It was built by Sampoong Construction and Industry Company and perfect in November 1989. An addition to the building was completed in October 1994. The building housed 556 parts with 681 employees. It stood 27.6 meters high and sat on a 29,008-square-meter.The quartette underground embellishs consisted of a place place and an galvanizingity control room. Three of the collapsed buildings graces which comprised the department store was operated by Sampoong Construction Company whose engineering ranks 858th among the nations construction firms.If it was careful, the warning signs that could thrust prevented the collapse of the Sampoong division St ore came as early as 15days before the accident. At that time, a restaurateur on the fifth appall narrationed a crack on the jacket of the building to management. But, managements response was lukewarm, and management took no action. Then, 5 days before, a customer who had entered the same restaurant to get something to rust after some routine weekend shopping, was showered with a water reveal from the ceiling of the restaurant. Three days before the collapse, a report of a gas leak again went unheeded by the department store management.On the day of the collapse, June 29, the signs that should have set off alarm bells appeared before opening hours in the restaurants on the fifth bedight. Around 930 a.m., the floor of the restaurant cracked open slightly. An environmental technician reported the calamity to the management. Top executives of the department store stopped by an hour later, verbalize something active seeking professional assessment. Between 11a.m to 12p.m, neigh bouring restaurants were experiencing water leaks from ceilings and cracks in the floors. solo at this point did the management close off the fifth floor, while the other floors continued with business as uncouth. Sometimes after 1 p.m., a breakdown of air conditioning and gas services as well as a power failure occurred throughout the department store. The management met around 3 p.m. for an emergency meeting without notifying the employees and shoppers of the situation. When things were at their worst, the executives of the department management left the building, consequently leaving many employees and shoppers still inside. At 6p.m. on 29 June, the centre of the building collapsed, similar to a controlled implosion, in 20 seconds. Customers were concentrated in the basement and in the fifth floor restaurant. The customers and employees had no time to escape. Some survivors were rear in the wreckage, and one was brought out 17 days after the collapse. The overall death toll wa s 502. decadenceThe main issues addressed in this paper are corruption, frequent invention change and maintenance repair in South Korea. The first section of this paper will examine corruption in the collapse of the Sampoong Department Store. This report was delivered by Seoul District Prosecutors Office, entitled The Final ovalbumin Book of Finding out the Real Truth of the Collapse of the Sampoong Department Store. The public was outraged. In particular, the news that the senior executives had fled the building without warning others was disturbing. The report on the collapse, as well as earlier morphologic and construction failures, suggested a widespread pattern of corruption in the countrys construction business. A government survey of high-rise buildings found 14% were unsafe and requisiteed to be rebuilt, 84% required repairs, and only 2% met standards. Joon Lee, the chairman of Sampoong, and his son Han-Sang Lee, were convicted and sent to prison for 10 and half years a nd 7 years, respectively. Twelve local building officials were found guilty of taking bribes of as much as $17,000 for approving changes and providing a provisional use certificate. The cause of the Sampoong collapse, then, was not a technical issue as much as outright fraud. The Korean construction industry, protected by government regulation from outside competition, had become complacent. Bribes were used to get around the usual government checks and balances that serve to protect public safety.Relationship problem among the architects and buildersIn the design planning make for, relationship and converse between architectural designers and geomorphologic designers are important. Generally, if their relationship and colloquy are in discordance some construction works, it drop bring out accidents much(prenominal) as Sampoong Department Store collapse. This paragraph begins by laying out the hypothetical dimensions of the research and looks at how design problems occurred in this collapse. In recent years, the publication of the design quality has become one of the important issues in the internal construction industry. moreover, important design attendes are made by savvy of the architect without the rational communication and information sharing among the related participants. Therefore, the aim of this research suggests the constitution plan of design error management system not only for systematizing types close to the design error in construction projects but also for analyzing the primary factors of design error to embody the essential condition of trouble between architects and builders. Normally, in South Korea, builders think know-how is more important but architects think that beauty of art and quality what contractor ordered, are more important so that there were lack of communication of information and a narrow sense between architects and builders.Relationship and communication problem between architectural designers and Structu ral designersGenerally, design drawings are distributed, such as architectural design drawing, geomorphological design drawing, mechanical adeptness design drawing, electric facility design drawing and engineering design drawing. Structural calculations need to be correct in order to ensure the safety of the building and structural design drawing with structural calculations need to be written exactly and used on-site. Mechanical facility and electric facility design drafts are written considering the calculations which were reviewed in advance about facility capacity or standards according to the social mental synthesis calculations in the structure design drawings which include the safety of a building and standards. In the process of structural design planning which affected the close important reason of the collapse, architectural designer and structural designers decided the scale of a building, stories, look and use in the early architecture plan and then on a basic stru cture plan like pitch of columns or structure style. The architectural designer writes the architectural design draft first, and the structure designer carries out structure calculations according to all conditions given in the architecture blueprint which the architectural designer wrote. In many cases, however, architectural designers distribute structural design drafts which are calculations made by structural designers. As the result, structural designers are different with structural draft authors, so that structural designers design outhouse be changed by authors who may wanton away fatal errors. In this accident, it the relationship and communication between architectural designers (architect) and structural designers (structural respectables) was not adequate, and their communication was only call and memoranda, so that they had not change information. Thus, structural calculations, structural drafts and construction drafts were different.Design problemsThere were many s tructural and architectural problems in the Sampoong Department Store collapse. This paragraph will describe problems of use change and unconditioned slab systems in the problems. Firstly, construction of the Sampoong Department Store was a flat slab system. The flat slab system can be defined as a construction method that builds safely several columns established in the upper part inside of the building. However, the weak point of this system is many columns. So, this flat slab system is insufficient to department store buildings because if there are lots of columns in the building, the space will be narrow. So, structural designers removed be quiet walls for the purpose of making wide clearances to sell products and punched a passage for an escalator. Also, size and shape of uplift column was changed. In flat slab system, the column is very important but structural designers of Sampoong Department Store had neglected design load calculus. Moreover, even though the fifth floor w as made, column size was lessened 25% (79cm to 58cm) for appearance and even columns rigid near the escalator were lessened more.Secondly, the use of the Sampoong Department Store was four stories office building at first and this building was approved as a four stories building. However, owners of the building wanted to change to a department store building and the owners referred it to Woosung Construction Company. Constructors and managers of Woosung Co. opposed that because it needed more columns and thicker columns. Thereupon, the guide of the Sampoong group changed Construction Company to own Sampoong Construction Company. Lastly, the five stories Sampoong Department Store were built without reinforcement of uplift columns by the company. The most grave problem was the fifth floor. The fifth floor was the restaurant area and the intragroup was composed of a Korean floor heater for a highlife Korean traditional restaurant so that, 30cm concrete was added for the Korean flo or heater. Also, heavy kitchen equipment was needed. As the result, the whole building collapsed when these added loads affected columns. keep problemsThis paragraph explains the maintenance of collapse of this Sampoong Department store. Sampoong made significant changes to the structure. The most important was the conversion of the original use as an office block to that of a department store. Other changes included changing the upper floor from a roller-skating rink to a traditional Korean restaurant. Stricter standards had to be met for fire, air conditioning and evacuation. Although the structure apparently met all building code requirements, the rewrite design was radically different from the original. This accident was a man-made disaster that the government official allowed haughty businessman who brought out blind currency as a result and the building company built it. goalThe construction work of Sampoong Department store was started on July 1987 and opened on December 1s t 1989 with Temporary Use Permit and operated for 5 years. inappropriate a normal building framework using beam and column, its structure system uses Flat Slab structure so that the floor slab supports the column by itself without any beam. In a flat Slab structure, one column can stand the same amount of stress so that the collapse of one column can cause advancing collapse which can be them the entire building. Investigating the present state of collapse was analyzed by chance and based on this analysis, the design, construction work, and maintenance of this building was discovered as the direct and indirect cause of collapse.As a result, the collapse of this building was brought from a flaw in design, unreliable construction work, and maintenance problems interacting with all(prenominal) other for long term. A brief summary is the following. Firstly, the one that influenced collapse the most is the maintenance problem. Changing design and use, without any approval, causing a dditive overweight to be added and also cutting structures left the whole building structure with low durability. Secondly, in the process of construction work, managing the work and superintendence was negligent which caused part of the collapse. Thirdly, inappropriate construction and structure plan caused progressive collapse. Moreover, neglecting safety diagnosis on the long term cracks and sinking process and insufficient managing of crucial moments like right before the collapse brought about a disastrous accident. Finally, those causes, which continued for 5 years, gave no security and safety, and at the end, around the fifth floor, the roof slab was destroyed and the adjoining slab destroyed, which caused progressive collapse.A building can maintain safe conditions through fine design, construction work/ care and appropriate maintenance. However, if a domestic construction system does not include a structure skillful who puts safety first anywhere in the process of design, construction work/supervision and maintenance, there will be major problems. According to the law for architect, article 4 clause 1 and clause 2, innovation and supervision of construction can only be done by an architect, and blocks the structure expert from designing and supervising the construction from the beginning. In addition, the law for architect article 2 clause 2 states that structure expert has subordinate relationship with architect, so that structure expert is not at the position where he can consequence liable for the safety.Such a system cannot be found in actual countries except in Korea. For example, America does not limit the construction right to either architect or structure expert and Germany gives right to design structure only to structure expert. Also, Japan and capital of Singapore structure expert takes care of structure design. Especially in Germany and other EU, client or representative picks safety coordinator who takes charge of every process from beginning to the end, such as consulting and superintendence.To look at design, construction work/supervision and maintenance of Sampoong department store closely, structure expert was neer in the responsible position so that he did not come to an end his work with responsibility. Moreover, the current domestic system had no coordinator who could point out faulty structure design and construction so that an architect who was responsible for construction asked the structure expert only for structural calculations and used them on the structure layout. When use and design were changed, the architect only asked the structure expert orally or in memo form and not with any official text file. It seemed that structure expert was legally only in an participator position which made it harder to ask for formal documents and the structural expert also did not have any obligation to be responsible for the structure problem since they are only an assistant.Recently constructions with size over unconquerable standard or for special needs are required to have affixing a seal of structure expert on the structure layout. However this is only the action of affixing a seal from the structural expert, it does not mean that they are responsible for construction like in other developed countries. In Korea, the current system does not have any way to prove the faulty safe the issues from in the process of design, approval, and construction/supervision like Germany or EU. In the deliberation for a Construction Permit, structure field is handled but its only 10 or 20 minutes which is impossible time to point out any problem in the structure and examine an entire complex design short so that the Construction Permit is only a formal document to avoid responsibility.In conclusion, although common administrative regulations should be softened in order to solve inconvenience of the people and the vitalization of market, strengthening the regulations to protect the nation and their property is a global trend. To take this into consideration, experts who can take care of their work with responsibility and specialty is essential and needed on every step in the process of design, construction/supervision, and maintenance in order to prevent the reappearance of such a disaster like the collapse of the Sampoong department store.